Ilimi- Kintai

Molybdenum (Mo)

Molybdenum farar ƙarfe ce mai laushi. Ana iya samun foda Mo ta hanyar rage iskar oxygen na molybdenum da carbon, sannan a matse ta cikin tubalan, an yi mata siminti da kuma an ƙirƙira ta. Wurin narkewar molybdenum yana da tsayi har zuwa 2620 ° C, wanda zai iya rage yanayin zafi na ƙarfe. Molybdenum yana da juriya mai ƙarfi na lalacewa kuma, kamar nickel, zai iya haɓaka rarraba sulfides a cikin nau'in pasty akan iyakokin hatsi. A cewar bayanan Goodrich, lokacin da abun cikin molybdenum a cikin ƙarfe molybdenum ya wuce 1%, kuma bisa ga bayanan Dumas, lokacin da ya wuce 3-4%, wani abu mai rauni na molybdenum dioxide mai kama da hazo ( μ phase) zai ruɓe a zafin da aka ƙirƙira. Karfe Molybdenum wanda ke ɗauke da 0.7% C da 2-15 % Mo ba shi da wata matsala ta musamman a cikin nakasa mai zafi. Ana iya kashe waɗannan ƙarfe lokacin da aka sanyaya su a cikin iska, kuma ya zama dole a kula don hana samuwar fasa yayin sanyaya.

Tungsten (W)

Tungsten wani sinadari ne mai ƙarfi wanda ke samar da WC mai karko na tungsten carbide (wanda ke ɗauke da 6.1% C) da kuma W ₂C tare da carbon.

Tungsten yana da zafin narkewa sosai (3370 ° C) kuma yana da tauri kaɗan fiye da na chromium. Tsarkakken tungsten kuma yana da sauƙin ƙirƙira. Tungsten ba ya shafar ƙarfin ƙirƙira a yanayin zafi, amma ƙarfe na tungsten yana cin ƙarin kuzari kuma yana da juriyar nakasa yayin ƙirƙira.

Vanadium (V)

Vanadium ƙarfe ne mai launin toka-fari mai laushi wanda zafinsa ya kai digiri 1720 na Celsius . Vanadium na iya haɓaka samuwar sifofi masu laushi a cikin ƙarfe, ta haka yana haɓaka sassaucinsa. Misali, ƙarfe mai sauri wanda ke ɗauke da vanadium 3 zuwa 5% da tungsten 18% ana iya ƙera shi cikin sauƙi koda lokacin da sinadarin carbon ya wuce kashi 1.5%.

Copper (Cu)

Da zarar jan ƙarfe ya shiga ƙarfe, a gefe guda, yana narkewa a cikin ferrite; a gefe guda kuma, yana iya zubewa a kan iyakokin hatsi, yana wanzuwa a matsayin jan ƙarfe kyauta. Lokacin da adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin ƙarfe ya ƙasa da 0.4%, juriyar wutar lantarki ta ƙarfen yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar narkewarsa a cikin maganin ferrite mai ƙarfi. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da ƙarfe ya ƙunshi 0.15 zuwa 0.25% jan ƙarfe, yana iya ƙara juriyar ƙarfe ga tsatsa a yanayi. Idan aka ƙara jan ƙarfe a cikin bakin ƙarfe, yana iya ƙara juriyarsa ga tsatsa a acid. Lokacin ƙirƙirar ƙarfe a 1050 ° C, koda kuwa adadin jan ƙarfe a cikin ƙarfe yana kusa da 0.2%, tsatsa a saman na iya faruwa saboda tsatsa a saman ƙarfe, tare da sakamakon cewa jan ƙarfe mai 'yanci a ƙarƙashin layin oxide yana narkewa.

Boron (B)

Boron zai iya tace ƙwayoyin ƙarfe, ya narke a cikin mafita mai ƙarfi na γ da α , sannan ya yi aiki da ƙarfe don samar da Fe ₂ B. Wannan mahaɗin ƙarfe na boron yana nan daram ko da a yanayin zafi mai yawa.

Ƙara ɗan ƙaramin boron (kimanin 0.002%, ko gram 20 a kowace tan na ƙarfe) zuwa ƙarfe na iya ƙara zurfin ƙarfin ƙarfi da sau 1.5 zuwa 5 kuma inganta kayan aikin ƙarfe. Koyaya, lokacin da abun ciki na boron a cikin ƙarfe ya wuce 0.005 ko 0.007%, yana iya haifar da fashewar sarrafawa yayin ƙirƙira yanayin zafi mai zafi.                                                  

Sulfur (S)

Sulfur yana da mummunar tasiri akan filastik na karfe. Ya wanzu a cikin karfe a cikin nau'i na mahadi da eutectics.

Sulfur a cikin ƙarfe na iya samar da nau'ikan sulfide iri-iri, kamar FeS, MnS, (FeS · MnS), CrS, MoS ₂ , ZrS ₂ , TiS, NiS, CoS, da sauran mahaɗan. Siffa mafi cutarwa a cikin ƙarfe ita ce ƙarancin ma'aunin narkewa na FeS · Fe (ma'aunin narkewa 950 ° C), wanda ke samar da rarraba hanyar sadarwa a kusa da manyan hatsi.

Karfe mai yawan sinadarin sulfur zai iya jure wa lalacewar filastik idan aka ƙera shi a yanayin zafi mai zafi na 1000 ~ 1200 ° C. Dalili kuwa shi ne cewa tsananin zubar da ƙarfe a yanayin zafi mai yawa zai iya kawar da rarrabawar hanyar sadarwa ta ƙarfe sulfide.

Kwayar cutar (P)

Phosphorus yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da tsangwama a cikin karfe. Yana bazuwa cikin ferrite don samar da ingantaccen bayani, inganta haɓakar hatsi da samun tasiri mai mahimmanci akan aiki mai zafi. Yana iya haifar da fashe cikin sauƙi da fashewar simintin gyare-gyare. A cikin karafa da ke dauke da phosphorus da nitrogen:

Lokacin P> 0.06%, abun ciki na nitrogen yakamata ya zama N <0.012%.

Lokacin da N> 0.16% da P> 0.045%, karfe ya zama mai kula da tsufa da karaya.

 

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