Ilimi- Kintai

Bari mu yi cikakken kallon ƙa'idodin zaɓin kayan don ɓangarorin kayan aikin jabu da yanayin aikace-aikacen al'ada na kayan daban-daban. Ƙirƙira, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin ƙirƙira don ɓangarori na kayan aiki, yana da mahimmanci a zaɓin kayan, wanda kai tsaye yana shafar aikin ƙarshe, tsawon rayuwa, farashin sarrafawa, da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen kayan.

I. Manyan Abubuwan Da Ake La'akari Da Su Wajen Zaɓar Kayan Aiki Don Gilashin Kayan Aiki Na Ƙirƙira

 

1. Bukatun Aiki:

-Ƙarfi da Taurin: Abubuwan buƙatun don tsayayya da lankwasawa gajiya a tushen haƙori da nakasar murƙushe ƙasa. Dole ne ya cika buƙatun ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya (ƙarfin lamba, ƙarfin lanƙwasa).

 - Sawa Juriya: Juriya ga rami, sawa, da ƙwanƙwasa a saman haƙori. Musamman mahimmanci don rami kusa da layin farar.

-Tauri: Shanye nauyin tasiri da kuma hana karyewar haƙori kwatsam.

- Iyakar gajiya: Juriya ga gazawar gajiya a ƙarƙashin maɓalli daban-daban.

- Ayyukan Jiyya na Heat: Ko kayan za'a iya sauƙaƙe da zafi ta hanyar quenching, tempering, carburizing, nitriding, da dai sauransu, don cimma abubuwan da ake so (hard surface, m core). Wannan babban abin la'akari ne.

- Hardenability: Mahimmanci sosai ga ƙananan gears waɗanda ke buƙatar taurin gaba ɗaya ko sarrafa zurfin taurare a cikin yankin haƙori na gears waɗanda kawai ke buƙatar taurin gida.

 

 

2. Yanayin Aiki:

- Girman Load da Yanayi: A tsaye, mai ƙarfi, ko nauyin tasiri? Haske, matsakaici, nauyi, ko nauyi mai nauyi?

- Gudun: Babban aiki mai sauri yana buƙatar la'akari da ma'auni mai ƙarfi, ƙarfin centrifugal, da haɗarin zafi.

- Zazzabi: Babban yanayin aiki mara kyau ko ƙarancin aiki (yana buƙatar juriya mai zafi ko kayan ƙarfi)?

- Muhalli: Bayyanar kafofin watsa labaru masu lalata, danshi, ƙura, ƙura? Yana buƙatar juriya na lalata ko jiyya na musamman.

- Sharuɗɗan Lubrication: Lubrication mai mai, tilasta mai fesa mai, fesa mai, ko ma bushewar gogayya?

- Rayuwa da ake tsammani da Buƙatun dogaro: Matsayin buƙatun don lalacewa da rayuwar gajiya.

 

3. Kerawa:

- Ƙarfafawa: Ya kamata kayan ya kasance yana da kyakkyawan ƙarfin nakasar filastik mai zafi, ya kasance mai sauƙi don ƙirƙira siffa, rage ƙirƙira lahani, da rage lalacewa.

- Machinability: The machinability kafin da kuma bayan zafi magani ga juya, milling, hobbing, siffata, da nika.

- Weldability: Ana buƙatar kayan walda ko taron walda na gaba?

- Hankali na Jiyya na zafi: Matsayin nakasawa? Halin fashewa? Hankali ga decarburization?

 

4. Tasirin Farashi:

- Farashin kayan aiki: Farashin kayan danye ya bambanta sosai.

- Kudin sarrafawa: Ciki har da ƙirƙira, maganin zafi, da farashin injina. Kayan aiki masu arha na iya haifar da ƙarin hadaddun matakai ko gajerun rayuwa.

- Kudin Jiyya na Zafi: Carburizing da quenching ya fi tsada fiye da daidaitawa, kuma maganin zafi ya fi tsada fiye da maganin tanderun iska.

- Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa na Ƙarfafawa: Sauƙin siyan kayan abu da sake zagayowar bayarwa.

- Jimlar Kudin Mallaka (TCO): Cikakken la'akari da farashin sayayya, farashin masana'anta, farashin amfani (sawa, kiyayewa, lokacin raguwa), da tsawon rayuwa.

5. Abubuwan Girma da Zane:

- Girman Gear: Manyan gears suna iyakance ta takamaiman ƙayyadaddun bayanai da ƙarfin kashe kayan aikin maganin zafi.

- Rubutun Tsari: Shin yana da madaidaicin maƙalar ko tsarin magana? La'akari daban-daban don kayan aiki da maganin zafi.

 

Mabuɗin Maɓalli a cikin Tsarin Zaɓin Kayan Kaya

1. A sarari ayyana aikin gear, yanayin aiki, bakan kayan aiki, da maɓalli na aiki.

2. Da farko, a tantance nau'ikan kayan aiki da dama waɗanda suka cika buƙatun aiki na asali bisa ga buƙatun (kamar taurin saman mai girma? Taurin tsakiya mai girma? Juriyar tsatsa?).

3. Yi la'akari da yuwuwar masana'anta da farashi: Shin yana da sauƙin ƙirƙira, maganin zafi da aiwatarwa? Shin kudin karbabbe ne?

4. Ciniki na ƙarshe: Zaɓi haɗin haɗin tare da mafi kyawun aiki, tsari da farashi. Alloy tsarin karfe yawanci shine mafi na kowa zabi.

 

 

 

II. Kayan Kayan Ƙirƙira da Aka Fi Amfani da Su a Kullum

 

Waɗannan su ne manyan nau'ikan kayan da aka saba amfani da su don ƙirƙira kayan aiki, tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun su da yanayin aikace-aikace:

 

1. Medium carbon karfe da matsakaici carbon gami karfe - Quenched da zafin karafa:

Makiyoyin wakilci:

- Na cikin gida: 45 (55), 40Cr (50Cr), 40MnB (45MnB), 42CrMo (35CrMo, 40CrMo, 50CrMo), 40CrNiMo, 34CrNiMo6 (kamar na Jamusanci), 30CrMnTi (mafi mai da hankali kan yin amfani da carburetion)

- Matsayin Amurka: 1045 (1050), 4140 (4340), 4150, 4340, 4330V, 300M

- Ma'aunin Jamusanci: C45, 42CrMo4, 34CrNiMo6, 30CrNiMo8

- Ma'aunin Japan: S45C (SCM440), SNCM439, SCM420 (galibi ana amfani da shi don yin carburizing)

- Maganin zafi: Quenching + zafin jiki mai zafi (quenching and tempering treatment). Samun tsarin sorbite.

- Halayen aikin Core:

- Kyakkyawan halayen injiniya gabaɗaya (daidaitawa mai kyau na ƙarfi, tauri, laushi da tauri).

- Taurin zuciyar da saman abu ɗaya ne, yawanci yana tsakanin HB250-HB350.

- Kyakkyawan aiki (ƙirƙira, yankewa, walda).

- Yanayin aikace-aikace na yau da kullun:

- Ana amfani da gear na yau da kullun tare da matsakaicin kaya, matsakaicin gudu kuma babu wani mummunan tasiri, inda ba a buƙatar taurin saman haƙori sosai.

- Injin watsawa mai matsakaicin gudu da ƙarancin gudu, na'urorin rage zafi, na'urorin watsa wutar lantarki na gabaɗaya, na'urorin noma, na'urorin gini, da sauransu.

- Yawanci yana aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin man shafawa ko feshi.

- Zaɓin gama gari don manyan giya (saboda kyakkyawan taurin ƙarfe mai tsari).

- Abũbuwan amfãni: Dan kadan kadan (musamman carbon karfe), mai kyau aiwatarwa, barga da kuma abin dogara yi.

- Hasara: Ƙananan taurin haƙori, ƙarancin lalacewa juriya da ƙarfin gajiyar hulɗa idan aka kwatanta da manyan kayan aiki masu ƙarfi.

 

2. Low carbon gami karfe (carburizing karfe / surface hardening karfe) (Low-Carbon Alloy Karfe - Case Hardening Karfe):

- Makiyoyin wakilci:

- Na cikin gida: 20Cr, 20CrMnTi (18CrMnTi), 20CrMnMo, 20CrMo (22CrMo), 20CrNiMo (18CrNiMo7-6), 20Cr2Ni4, 17CrNiMo6 (ma'aunin Jamusanci)

- Ma'aunin Amurka: 4120 (4320, 4820), 8620, 8822, 9310

- Ma'aunin Jamusanci: 20MnCr5 (17Cr3), 16MnCr5, 18CrNiMo7-6, 15CrNi6

- Ma'aunin Japan: SCr420 (SCM415), SCM420H, SNCM220

- Maganin zafi: Carburizing + quenching + zafi mai ƙarancin zafi (wasu kuma suna amfani da carbonitriding ko ƙarar iskar gas mai ƙarfi). Ƙirƙiri wani taurare mai ƙyalli mai ƙarfi-carbon martensitic da ƙaramin-carbon martensitic/sorbite tauri mai ƙarfi.

- Halayen aikin Core:

- Taurin saman haƙori mai matuƙar ƙarfi (HRC58-63), juriyar lalacewa mai kyau da juriyar ramuka.

- Taurin zuciyar ana iya daidaitawa (yawanci HRC30-45), tauri mai kyau da ƙarfin lanƙwasa mai yawa.

- Ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyin haƙori mai ƙarfi.

- Yanayin aikace-aikacen da aka saba amfani da su: § Don aikace-aikacen da ke da manyan kaya, manyan gudu, da kuma buƙatun daidaito mai yawa.

- Don watsawa ta mota, axles na tuƙi (bambance-bambance, manyan masu rage gudu), akwatunan gear na masana'antu (matsakaicin maki), akwatunan gear na injinan iska, kayan aikin jirgin sama, kayan aikin daidaitacce, da yanayi masu buƙatar babban aminci da tsawon rai na aiki.

- Don yanayi masu nauyin tasiri da damuwa na zagayowar.

- Ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin hanyoyin kammala gear (kamar niƙa gear) don cimma daidaito mafi girma da kammala saman.

- Abvantbuwan amfãni: Ƙarfin gajiyar hulɗar ma'amala mai kyau da ƙarfin gajiyar lanƙwasa, juriya mai kyau, da ƙarfin ɗaukar nauyi mai girman gaske, yana sa ya dace sosai ga kayan aikin da aka yiwa mahimman ma'ana da damuwa na layin layi da damuwa mai lanƙwasawa.

- Rashin hasara: Tsarin maganin zafi mai rikitarwa (carburizing da quenching), babban tsarin kulawa da bukatun, farashi mai yawa (duka kayan aiki da magani na zafi), gagarumin nakasar (wanda ake buƙatar kammalawa na gaba), da ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfin idan aka kwatanta da quenched da tempered steels.

 

3. Karfe Nitriding (Nitriding Steels):

- Makiyoyin wakilci:

- Ana amfani da shi akai-akai: 38CrMoAlA (41CrAlMo7) - An tsara shi musamman don nitriding.

- Ana kuma amfani da shi: 42CrMo (34CrMo4), 40CrNiMo, 34CrNiMo6, da sauran ƙarfe masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke da ƙarfin taurare (ana iya amfani da su don samun ingantaccen aiki).

-Maganin zafi: Quenching da tempering (quenching + high-temperature tempering) + nitriding surface (gas / ion nitriding). Yana samar da babban tauri, mai jure lalacewa, da lallausan nitrided Layer.

-Babban halayen aikin aiki:

- Taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa (HV1000 da sama), kyakkyawan taurin ja (yana kiyaye taurin a zafin 500 ° C).

- Ƙarancin murdiya ga zafin jiki (zafin nitriding yana da ƙasa, kimanin 500-560 ° C).

- Kyakkyawan kaddarorin hana kamawa da kuma wasu juriyar tsatsa.

- Ƙarfin gajiya ya inganta sosai.

- Yanayin aikace-aikace na yau da kullun:

- Gyaran daidai inda saman haƙori ke buƙatar tauri mai yawa, juriyar lalacewa, da ƙarfin gajiya, amma inda dole ne a sarrafa nakasa sosai ko kuma inda kammala maganin bayan zafi yake da wahala.

- Gears da ke aiki a yanayin zafi mafi girma (<500-550 ° C) ko kuma a cikin yanayi mara man shafawa ko rashin kyawun shafawa (saboda kyawawan kaddarorin hana kamawa na Layer ɗin nitride).

 

- Gilashin shaft masu sirara da kuma siririn bango waɗanda ba za su iya jure wa manyan canje-canje ba.

 

- Gears a fannin sararin samaniya, madaurin kayan aikin injin daidai, gears na turbocharger, gears masu sauri da nauyi a cikin jiragen ruwa da injunan konewa na ciki, da gears masu buƙatar juriyar lalacewa da juriyar tsatsa.

- Abũbuwan amfãni: matsananci-high tauri surface Layer, m lalacewa da lalata juriya, kadan murdiya, kuma mai kyau high-zazzabi yi.

- Hasara: Thin taurare Layer (yawanci <0.7mm), bai dace da aikace-aikace tare da wuce kima tasiri ko high lamba danniya (hadarin zurfafa Layer spalling), dogon nitriding sake zagayowar (musamman ga zurfin nitrided yadudduka ko gas nitriding), da kuma dan kadan matalauta tsari ga kwazo karafa kamar 38CrMoAlA (kamar kawar da tabo, da bukatar da za a iya kawar da tabo kafin tabo).

 

4. Ƙarfe na Cast (Cast Irons) - Ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba don ƙirƙira blanks, amma lokaci-lokaci ana ganin su a wasu lokuta na musamman.

- Halaye: Mafi ƙarancin farashi, kyawawan kaddarorin simintin gyare-gyare, ƙwaƙƙwarar damp ɗin girgiza (yana rage hayaniya), da sauƙin jefa sifofi masu rikitarwa.

- Iyakokin aikace-aikacen: Ba kasafai ake amfani da su ba don ƙirƙira blanks. Ana amfani da shi sosai don manyan sassa masu siffa ko sarƙaƙƙiya waɗanda ke da wahalar ƙirƙira, yawanci jefa kai tsaye zuwa nau'in kayan aiki. Ƙarfin simintin gyare-gyare yana samun sunansa daga tsarin cirewa kuma ba a amfani dashi don ƙirƙira blanks.

- Aikace-aikacen ƙirar ƙirƙira da yin simintin gyare-gyare (kamar zoben flywheel): Lokaci-lokaci, ana ƙirƙira ƙarfe a cikin komai mai siffar zobe sannan a lanƙwasa cikin zobe ta hanyar dumama mai ƙarfi ko matsakaicin matsakaici (mai kama da naɗaɗɗen mirgina), amma wannan yana kusa da ƙirƙira bayanan martaba maimakon ƙirƙira ta gargajiya ko buɗe ƙirƙira ta mutu.

 

5. Ƙarfe-ƙarfe ba na ƙarfe da Alloys (ƙarfe ba na ƙarfe da Alloys) - Aikace-aikace na musamman

- Aluminum gami:

- Sauƙi sosai (buƙatun rage nauyi mai yawa).

- Giya mai ƙarancin gudu da ƙarancin nauyi a fannin jiragen sama, tsere, da kayan aiki masu ɗaukar nauyi. - Yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi da juriyar lalacewa fiye da ƙarfe kuma ana amfani da shi azaman ƙananan giya don ƙarin sassan manne da maƙallan.

- Alloys na Copper (kamar tagulla mai ƙarfi):

- Kyakkyawan juriya na lalata (a cikin yanayin ruwan teku).

- Kyakkyawan juriya na lalacewa da ƙarancin juriya (anti-kamewa).

- An yi amfani da shi a cikin takamaiman kayan aiki, kayan aikin ruwa, da kuma yanayin da ke buƙatar juriya na lalata sinadarai (kamar ƙananan gears ko kayan mating don manyan gears, kamar ƙafafun tsutsa).

- Misali, tagulla na beryllium mai ƙarfi (C17200, Alloy 25) na iya samun ƙarfi kusa da ƙarfe bayan taurin tsufa.

- Bakin karfe (kamar hazo-taurare bakin karfe):

- Abubuwan buƙatun juriya na ƙetare (masana'antar sinadarai, na'urorin likitanci, masana'antar abinci).

- Misali, 17-4PH (AISI 630, 06Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb) na iya samun ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (game da HRC40-45) da kuma juriya mai kyau ta hanyar maganin zafi.

- An yi amfani da shi a cikin kayan aiki na kayan aiki ko ƙananan sassan watsawa da ke aiki a cikin mahalli masu lalata.

 

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