Ilimi- Kintai

Alloying abubuwa a cikin karfe

 

I. Ƙarfafa Abubuwan Matrix

 

1. Manganese (Mn)

Tasirin ƙarfafawa na manganese akan karfe yana dogara ne akan maida hankali:

Low abun ciki kewayon (na al'ada Bugu da kari): Ta atomic m bayani ƙarfafa inji, shi embeds cikin ferrite lattice haddasa murdiya, muhimmanci inganta ƙarfi da taurin karfe, da kuma inganta lalacewa juriya, yin karfe mafi m karkashin inji danniya da gogayya yanayi (kamar gears da shaft sassa); yana rage mahimmancin sanyaya, faɗaɗa kewayon ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfe, ƙyale ƙarin wuraren giciye don samun tsarin martensitic yayin quenching, da haɓaka daidaituwar kayan aikin injiniya; ƙaramin adadin manganese kuma na iya ɗan daidaita ƙarancin zafin ƙarfe na ƙarfe, yana rage ƙarancin ƙarancin zafin jiki na ƙarancin ƙarfe mai tsafta, biyan buƙatun sabis a cikin yanayin sanyi.

Babban abun ciki na kewayon (alloying na musamman): A matsayin ƙaƙƙarfan austenitizing kashi, zai iya daidaita tsarin austenite a cikin ƙarfe, yana ba da tushe don haɓaka manyan ƙarfe na austenitic na manganese (kamar ƙarfe mara ƙarfi mara ƙarfi). Wadannan karafa, saboda tsarin su na austenitic wanda ya haɗu da babban tauri tare da kaddarorin jiki na musamman (ba magnetism), suna da aikace-aikace na musamman a cikin injin gini da filayen garkuwar maganadisu.

 

2. Silicon (Si)

Silicon wani abu ne mai ƙarfafawa ga ferrite:

Yana narkewa a cikin ferrite a cikin tsari mai ƙarfi, yana haɓaka ƙarfi da ƙarfi sosai. A cikin ƙananan ƙarfe na tsarin ƙarfe, lokacin da aka haɗa shi da manganese, zai iya samar da "tsarin ƙarfafa siliki-manganese", daidaita ƙarfi da farashi. Yana rage ƙimar sanyaya mai mahimmanci kuma yana taimakawa daidaita ƙarfin ƙarfe. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙarfe na bazara da ƙarfe na siliki - ƙarfe na bazara yana amfani da silicon don haɓaka iyakoki na roba, yayin da silicon karfe ya dogara da silicon don cimma takamaiman ikon maganadisu (siliki yana haɓaka juriya na ferrite kuma yana hana asarar eddy na yanzu), yana mai da shi ainihin kayan don muryoyin wutar lantarki. A cikin mahallin oxidative (kamar iska mai zafi mai zafi da kafofin watsa labarai masu rauni), silicon yana haɓaka samar da fim ɗin kariya mai yawa na SiO2 akan saman ƙarfe, yana hana ƙarin shigar da iskar oxygen, da haɓaka juriya na zafi da juriya na lalata. Abu ne na asali na alloying a cikin ƙarfe mai jure zafi da jure yanayin yanayi.

 

3. Chromium (Cr)

Ƙarfafawa da gyare-gyaren tasirin chromium ya bambanta gaba ɗaya daga ƙananan zuwa babban gami:

A cikin ƙananan al'amuran gami (irin su gami da tsarin ƙarfe): Ta hanyar ingantaccen bayani ƙarfafawa da ƙarfafawar watsawa ta hanyar carbide (kamar Cr3C2), chromium lokaci guda yana haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfe, taurin, da juriya. Misali, a cikin karfen kayan aikin mota, chromium yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da juriyar juriyar haƙori da taurin gindin. Yana rage ƙimar sanyi mai mahimmanci, haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfi, yana ba da damar ainihin manyan sassa masu girma da ƙarfi yayin quenching. Ƙananan adadin chromium kuma zai iya inganta juriya na iskar shaka na karfe, jinkirta gazawar iskar oxygen a yanayin zafi.

A cikin yanayi mai yawan ƙarfe (kamar bakin ƙarfe da ƙarfe mai jure zafi): Lokacin da abun cikin chromium ya kai ≥ 12%, yana ba da kyakkyawan juriya ga tsatsa ga ƙarfe ta hanyar "tasirin wucewa" (yana samar da fim ɗin Cr2O3 mai yawa a saman), musamman akan acid mai ƙarfi (kamar nitric acid da sinadarin sulfuric mai ƙarfi). Chromium yana da nau'ikan carbide iri-iri (kamar Cr7C3 da Cr23C6), kuma ta hanyar sarrafa yanayin da rarraba carbide, yana iya daidaita ƙarfin zafin jiki mai yawa da kwanciyar hankali na zafi na ƙarfe, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama babban ɓangaren ƙarfe masu jure zafi (kamar ƙarfe mai bututun boiler).

 

II. Abubuwan Haɓaka Juriya na zafi

 

1. Molybdenum (Mo)

Molybdenum wani sinadari ne mai alama a cikin karafa masu jure zafi.

Yana da ƙarfi-maganin ƙarfafa ferrite, haɓaka yanayin zafin jiki biyu da ƙarfin zafin jiki; yana da tasirin hanawa na "jinkirin jinkirin fushi" na musamman, yana ba da izinin ƙarfe mai ɗauke da molybdenum don kula da tauri bayan sabis na zafin jiki na dogon lokaci; yana rage ƙimar sanyaya mai mahimmanci, inganta ƙarfin ƙarfi, kuma yana ba da damar ƙarfe don samun ƙarin tsarin sorbite mai ɗaci bayan quenching + tempering; a high yanayin zafi, molybdenum iya samar da barga carbide (Mo2C), wanda hana hatsi girma, karfafa hatsi iyakoki, muhimmanci inganta karfe juriya da kuma high-zazzabi ƙarfi, kuma shi ne ba makawa a cikin injin turbin ruwa steels da zafi aiki mutu karafa.

 

2. Vanadium (V)

Matsayin vanadium biyu ne:

Low abun ciki (0.05% - 0.10%): Yana precipitates a matsayin lafiya carbonitrides (V (CN)), exerting a "kyakkyawan hatsi ƙarfafa" sakamako - hana austenite girma hatsi, refining ferrite / pearlite tsarin, da muhimmanci inganta karfe ta taurin da kuma gajiya ƙarfi. Abu ne da aka saba amfani da shi a cikin karafan gada da karafun bututun mai don cimma daidaiton "ƙarfi mai ƙarfi + tsayin ƙarfi".

Babban abun ciki (> 0.20%): Yana samar da ƙananan V4C3 carbides, waɗanda suke da ƙarfi sosai a yanayin zafi mai yawa, suna iya haɗa iyakokin hatsi, kuma suna hana motsin tarwatsewa, yana haɓaka juriyar zafin ƙarfe. A cikin karafa masu jure zafin tukunyar jirgi da alluran injin injin iska, vanadium carbides sune babban shingen kariya daga zafin zafi.

 

III. Abubuwa don Tsarin Ƙungiya da Kayayyakin Musamman

 

1. Nickel (Ni)

Duk da yake m bayani ƙarfafa ferrite / austenite, na musamman "fuska-tsakiyar cubic lattice" dukiya yadda ya kamata inhibits sanyi brittleness na karfe (rage sanyi brittleness canji zafin jiki), kunna nickel-dauke da karfe don kula da tauri a musamman sanyi yanayi (kamar ruwa nitrogen ajiya tankuna, iyakacin duniya injiniya inji). Yana rage mahimmin ƙimar sanyaya, yana haɓaka tauri, kuma yana taimakawa wajen samun ingantaccen tsari wanda aka kashe. Yana faɗaɗa yankin austenite kuma shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci a cikin baƙin ƙarfe na austenitic (kamar 304 karfe, inda Ni yana daidaita austenite) da ƙananan ƙarancin zafi (kamar karfe 9Ni). Nickel kanta yana da wasu juriya na lalata, musamman a kan rage acid (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid), kuma yana iya aiki tare da chromium don samar da "tsarin juriya na chromium-nickel", yana haɓaka juriyar juriyar bakin karfe gabaɗaya.

 

2. Aluminum (Al)

A lokacin ƙera ƙarfe, aluminum shine ƙaƙƙarfan deoxidizer (ƙirƙirar abubuwan haɗin Al2O3), wanda zai iya cire narkar da iskar oxygen daga ƙarfe, tsarkake zuriyar ƙarfe, da rage lahani kamar porosity da haɗawa. Bayan ƙarfafawa, ƙwayoyin Al2O3 masu kyau na iya yin aiki azaman "rukunan ɓoyayyun ƙwayoyin cuta", suna tace tsarin ƙwayar ƙarfe da haɓaka ƙarfinsa da taurinsa. A cikin bakin karfe, aluminum yana haɓaka samar da fim ɗin kariya na Al2O3 akan farfajiya, yana haɓaka juriya ga acid mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (kamar nitric acid) da faɗaɗa yanayin aikace-aikacen bakin karfe (kamar kayan masana'antar nitric acid).

 

IV. Abubuwan Ayyuka na Musamman

 

Boron (B)

Atom ɗin Boron yakan yi tari a iyakokin hatsi, yana hana hazo mai ƙarfi a iyakokin hatsi na austenite, yana rage mahimmancin yanayin sanyaya kuma yana haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfe. Tasirin ƙarfafa ɗan ƙaramin boron (w(B) = 0.001%) yana daidai da na babban adadin abubuwa kamar manganese, nickel, da chromium, wanda zai iya rage yawan amfani da kayan gami da tsada. Borides da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin boron tare da nitrogen da oxygen (kamar Fe2B) suna da tsayin daka sosai kuma ana iya amfani da su a cikin karafa da ke buƙatar juriya na lalacewa (kamar boron karfe gears) don cimma wasan kwaikwayo na "harshen surface + core toughness" ta hanyar sarrafa rarraba borides.

 

2. Rare ƙasa (RE, wakilta Ce da La)

A cikin aikin ƙarfe, ƙasan da ba kasafai ba za su iya lalata su da kyau ( suna samar da sulfides mai narkewa-maki-ƙasa), degas ( iskar gas kamar H da N), tsarkake narkakkar ƙarfe, da rage haɗaɗɗun cutarwa. A lokacin ƙarfafawa, abubuwan da ba kasafai ba na ƙasa suna bazuwa a iyakokin hatsi, suna hana ci gaban ƙwanƙwasa kristal, sabunta tsarin kristal daidai, da haɓaka yanayin fatattaka zafi da daidaituwar kayan aikin injiniya na simintin ƙarfe. A cikin gawawwakin zafi mai zafi, ƙasan da ba kasafai ba na iya ƙarfafa iyakokin hatsi da haɓaka juriya mai zafi mai zafi, yana mai da su "wakilin ƙarfafawar da ba a iya gani" don manyan gami irin na diski na injin turbine don injunan jirgin sama.

 

V. Abubuwan Inganta Ayyukan Taimako

 

1. Copper (Cu)

Ƙananan abun ciki (w (Cu) <1.5%): Yana ƙarfafa ferrite a cikin tsari mai ƙarfi, yana haɓaka ƙarfi. A cikin yanayi, jan karfe na iya haɓaka samuwar "launi mai arzikin jan karfe" akan saman ƙarfe, yana haɓaka haɓakar fim ɗin oxide da haɓaka juriya na yanayi (kamar yanayin ƙarfe don gini), cimma "anti-lalata ta hanyar tsatsa".

Babban abun ciki (w(Cu) ≥ 3.0%): Tagulla yana taruwa a matsayin ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙarfe, yana samar da "ƙarfafa ruwan sama", kuma a lokaci guda yana ba da ƙarfe tare da kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman (ions na tagulla suna lalata membranes na ƙwayoyin cuta), yana nuna babban yuwuwar amfani da shi a cikin ƙarfe da ƙarfe na likitanci don wuraren jama'a.

 

2. Gubar da bismuth (Pb, Bi)

Saboda ba su iya narkewa a cikin matrix na karfe, ana rarraba su azaman ɓangarorin lafiya masu hankali a iyakokin hatsi / matrix. A lokacin yankan, za su iya aiki a matsayin "lubricants da guntu breakers" - barbashi katse watsa da yankan karfi, rage kayan aiki lalacewa, sa kwakwalwan kwamfuta sauki karya, muhimmanci inganta machinability na karfe (kamar free-yanke karfe), daidaita ƙarfin karfe da kuma aiki yadda ya dace, da kuma dace da tsari na sarrafa al'amura kamar na mota fasteners da lantarki aka gyara.

 

3. Titanium (Ti) da Niobium (Nb)

A cikin haɓaka kayan aikin ƙarfe, titanium da niobium sune mahimman abubuwa masu mahimmanci. Suna tace tsarin hatsi na karfe. Ta yin aiki a matsayin tsakiya na tsakiya a lokacin ƙarfafa narkakkar karfe, suna ƙara yawan ƙwayar hatsi kuma suna rage girman su, ta haka ne ke inganta ƙarfin, ƙarfi da kuma gajiyar juriya na karfe. A fannin bakin karfe, titanium da niobium na iya hadewa da carbon don samar da karbuwa barga, hana chromium daga hadawa da carbon don samar da chromium carbides, don haka guje wa faruwar iyakokin hatsi na chromium. Wannan yana haɓaka juriya na lalata tsaka-tsaki na bakin karfe yadda ya kamata, yana tabbatar da kwanciyar hankalin sa na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayi mara kyau kamar injiniyan sinadarai da sarrafa abinci.

 

4. Zirconium (Zr)

Zirconium, a matsayin mai ƙarfi deoxidizer da denitrogenizer, zai iya haɗuwa da sauri tare da oxygen da nitrogen a cikin narkakkar karfe don samar da barga mahadi waɗanda ke shawagi zuwa saman ƙarfe, yadda ya kamata rage abun ciki na iskar oxygen da ƙazantattun nitrogen a cikin ƙarfe da tsarkake zuriyar ƙarfe. A lokaci guda, zirconium na iya tsaftace hatsi na austenite, yana sa tsarin karfe ya zama daidai kuma mai yawa, da inganta ingantaccen aikin karfe. Yana haɗuwa da sulfur don samar da zirconium sulfide, wani fili tare da babban ma'aunin narkewa da kwanciyar hankali na thermal mai kyau, wanda zai iya hana matsalar zafi mai zafi ta hanyar sulfur, tabbatar da cewa karfe ba ya fashe ko karya yayin aiki mai zafi, da inganta aikin aiki mai zafi da ingancin samfurin karfe.

 

5. Tungsten (W)

Tungsten yana samar da ƙananan carbide da nitrides a cikin ƙarfe, waɗanda ke hana haɓakar hatsi a yanayin zafi mai yawa, yana sa hatsin ƙarfe ya zama mafi kyau da daidaito, ta haka yana haɓaka ƙarfi da tauri na ƙarfe. Dangane da tauri, tungsten na iya rage mahimmancin saurin sanyaya ƙarfe, yana sauƙaƙa wa ƙarfe samun tsarin martensitic yayin kashewa, da kuma inganta tauri da juriyar lalacewa na ƙarfe. A yanayin zafi mai yawa, yana haɗuwa da carbon da nitrogen don samar da carbide masu ƙarfi sosai (kamar W ₂ C) da nitrides (kamar W ₂ N), wanda zai iya hana motsi na katsewa yadda ya kamata, yana inganta ƙarfin zafi na ƙarfe sosai, da kuma ba da damar ƙarfe ya kiyaye ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai tsauri kamar zafin jiki mai yawa da matsin lamba mai yawa. Yana da muhimmin abu don haɗa abubuwa masu mahimmanci kamar ruwan wukake na injin-aero da bututun tanderu mai zafi.

 

6. Cobalt

A cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi, cobalt na iya daidaita microstructure na ƙarfe, hana haɓakar hatsi da laushi, da kuma kula da tsayin daka da juriya na ƙarfe a yanayin zafi. Ya dace da Manufacturing high-zazzabi sabon kayan aikin, zafi extrusion mutu, da dai sauransu Lokacin da cobalt da molybdenum aiki tare, za su iya cikakken yin amfani da daban-daban abũbuwan amfãni da kuma samar da wani karfi synergistic sakamako, baiwa karfe da musamman high ƙarfi da kuma m m inji Properties. Ana amfani da wannan haɗin a ko'ina a cikin manyan filayen kamar sararin samaniya da tsaro na ƙasa, don kayan aikin masana'anta tare da buƙatun aiki mai matuƙar buƙata, kamar fayafai na injin injin jirgin sama da injin roka.

 

7. Beryllium (Be)

Ana ƙara Beryllium a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙarfe. Yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi don iskar oxygen da sulfur kuma yana iya haɗawa da sauri tare da su yayin aikin sarrafa ƙarfe, yana yin tasiri mai ƙarfi deoxidizing da desulfurizing, yadda ya kamata rage abun ciki na ƙazanta masu cutarwa a cikin ƙarfe da tsarkake narkakken ƙarfe. Yana haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfe kuma yana canza halayen canjin lokaci, yana sauƙaƙa don samun microstructure da kaddarorin da ake so yayin kashewa. Bugu da ƙari, beryllium yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da aka narkar da shi a cikin matrix na karfe, yana haifar da murdiya mai tsanani, yana da matukar hana motsi kuma don haka yana haifar da tasiri mai karfi. Lokacin da aka haɗe shi da ƙarfe da carbon, beryllium kuma zai iya haifar da tasiri mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi ta hazo ta hanyar samar da mahadi na musamman, ƙara haɓaka ƙarfi da taurin ƙarfe, da ba shi ƙimar aikace-aikacen musamman a cikin manyan masana'antun masana'antu.

 

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