Ilimi- Kintai

Gabatarwa

Kayan ƙarfe horo ne mai cike da asirai. Ko kayan aikin da ake buƙata don kera kayan aiki da kansa ko sarrafa sassa, mutum zai ci karo da batutuwan kayan aiki. Idan kana tsunduma a cikin masana'antar karafa, ka taba lura da abin da ainihin abubuwan sinadaran da aka jera a cikin rahoton gwajin karfen suke nufi? Kuna iya sani kawai cewa nau'o'in karfe daban-daban suna da nau'o'in sinadarai daban-daban da kuma abubuwan da ke ciki daban-daban. A cikin wannan labarin, mun jera kuma mun jera abubuwan sinadarai guda 21 da tasirinsu kan aikin karfe.

#1 Carbon (C)

Carbon shine abu mafi mahimmanci a cikin karfe. Yana da mahimmanci ga karafa waɗanda ke buƙatar taurare ta hanyar quenching. Abubuwan da ke cikin carbon suna sarrafa taurin abu da ƙarfi, da kuma martaninsa ga maganin zafi (quenchability). Yayin da abun cikin carbon ya ƙaru, ductility na karfe, rashin ƙarfi, da ƙarfin aiki suna raguwa, kuma waldar sa kuma yana raguwa.

#2 Manganese (Mn)

Manganese na iya zama kashi na biyu mafi mahimmanci bayan carbon. Ayyukansa yana kama da na carbon, kuma masu samar da karfe suna haɗa waɗannan abubuwa biyu don samun kayan aiki tare da abubuwan da ake so. Manganese yana da mahimmanci don aikin mirgina mai zafi na karfe ta hanyar ɗaure tare da oxygen da sulfur.

Kasancewarsa yana da manyan ayyuka kamar haka:

 

Deoxidizer ne mai laushi kuma yana aiki azaman wakili mai tsarkakewa don ɗaukar sulfur da iskar oxygen daga narke cikin slag. Yana haɓaka taurin ƙarfi da ƙarfi amma yana rage ductility. Yana haɗuwa da sulfur don samar da manganese sulfide mai siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar zobe , wanda ke da mahimmanci. Karfe yawanci yana ƙunshe da aƙalla 0.30% manganese, amma a cikin wasu karafa na carbon, ana iya samun abun ciki wanda ya kai kashi 1.5%.

Manganese kuma yana kula da haɓaka haɓakar carbon yayin aikin carburizing kuma yana aiki azaman deoxidizer mai laushi. Duk da haka, lokacin da abubuwan da ke cikin carbon da manganese suka yi yawa, embrittlement yana faruwa. Manganese na iya samar da manganese sulfide (MnS) tare da sulfur, wanda ke da amfani ga sarrafa injina. A lokaci guda, yana iya magance ɓarnar da sulfur ke kawowa kuma yana da amfani ga ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙarfe na carbon.

Dangane da walda, rabon manganese da sulfur ya kamata ya zama aƙalla 10:1. Abubuwan da ke cikin manganese ƙasa da 0.30% na iya haifar da porosity da tsagewa a cikin ɗinkin weld, kuma abun ciki wanda ya wuce 0.80% na iya haifar da tsagewa. Karfe tare da ƙarancin manganese-sulfur rabo na iya ƙunsar sulfur a cikin nau'in sulfide na ƙarfe (FeS), wanda zai iya haifar da suturar walda ta tsage.

#3 Phosphorus (P)

Ko da yake yana iya haɓaka ƙarfin jujjuyawar ƙarfe da haɓaka injinsa, ana ɗaukarsa gabaɗaya a matsayin ƙazantar da ba a so saboda tasirin sa.

Tasirin phosphorus akan karfe ya bambanta da maida hankali. Saboda cutarwarsa, matsakaicin abun ciki na phosphorus a cikin ƙarfe mai daraja yana tsakanin 0.03% da 0.05%. A cikin ƙananan ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, har zuwa 0.10% phosphorus na iya haɓaka ƙarfi da haɓaka juriya na lalata ƙarfe. Lokacin da abun ciki ya yi yawa a cikin ƙarfe mai tauri, yuwuwar haɓakawa yana ƙaruwa. Ko da yake an inganta ƙarfi da taurin, ductility da taurin sun ragu.

Phosphorus yana inganta injin yanke ƙarfe kyauta, amma idan abun ciki na phosphorus ya wuce 0.04%, fashewar walda da / ko fasa walda na iya faruwa yayin walda. Phosphorus kuma yana rinjayar kauri na murfin zinc yayin galvanizing.

#4 Sulfur (S)

Sulfur gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa azaman ƙazanta. Lokacin da abun ciki na sulfur a cikin karfe yana da girma kuma abin da ke cikin manganese ya ragu, zai yi mummunar tasiri akan tasirin tasiri. Sulfur yana inganta injina amma yana rage ductility mai jujjuyawa da taurin tasiri, tare da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri akan kaddarorin injina na tsayi. Abubuwan da ke cikin sulfur a cikin ƙarfe yana iyakance zuwa 0.05%, amma a cikin ƙananan sassa na kyauta, ƙari zai iya kaiwa zuwa 0.35%, yayin da ƙara yawan manganese don magance duk wani mummunan tasiri, kamar yadda sulfur alloy na 0.10% zuwa 0.30% na iya inganta aikin karfe. Irin wannan karafa za a iya kiransa "resulfurized" ko "yanke-yanke" karafa. Ƙarfe-yanke kyauta yana ƙara sulfur don inganta aikin injiniya, yawanci har zuwa 0.35%.

Ko da yake sulfur yana da mummunan tasiri akan karfe a wasu matakai, abun ciki na sulfur da ke ƙasa da 0.05% yana da tasiri mai kyau akan darajar karfe.

#5 Silicon (Si)

Silicon yana daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan deoxidizers na karfe. Yana taimakawa wajen cire kumfa oxygen a cikin narkakkar karfe. Shi ne kashi da aka fi amfani da shi wajen samar da siminti-deoxidized da cikakken deoxidized karfe, yawanci tare da abun ciki na kasa da 0.40%. Lokacin amfani dashi azaman deoxidizer, yawanci yana ƙunshe da ƙaramin adadin (0.20%) a cikin birgima. Koyaya, a cikin simintin ƙarfe, yawanci ya ƙunshi 0.35% zuwa 1.00%.

Silicon yana narkewa a cikin ƙarfe kuma yana ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa shi. Wasu karafa na filler na iya ƙunsar har zuwa 1% silicon don samar da ingantacciyar tsaftacewa da tasirin lalata lokacin walda a kan gurɓataccen saman. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da waɗannan karafa na filler don waldawa a kan tsaftataccen wuri, ƙarfin ƙarfen walda da aka samu zai inganta sosai. Silicon yana ƙara ƙarfi da tauri, amma zuwa ƙasa fiye da manganese. Sakamakon raguwa a cikin ductility na iya haifar da matsalolin fatattaka.

Lokacin da ya zo ga galvanizing, karfe tare da abun ciki na silicon da ya wuce 0.04% zai tasiri sosai ga kauri da bayyanar galvanized shafi. Wannan zai haifar da kauri mai kauri wanda ya ƙunshi gami da zinc-iron gami, tare da ƙasa maras ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa. Duk da haka, yana ba da kariya ta kariya iri ɗaya kamar rufin galvanized mai haske tare da tsantsa na waje na zinc.

#6 Chromium (Cr)

Chromium abu ne mai ƙarfi mai haɗawa da ƙarfe. Ƙananan adadin Cr yana wanzuwa a cikin wasu karafa na tsarin. Ana amfani da shi musamman don haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfe, haɓaka juriya na lalata da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfe. Saboda haka, sau da yawa ana haɗuwa da nickel da jan karfe. Bakin karfe na iya ƙunsar fiye da 12% chromium. Sanannen bakin karfe "18-8" ya ƙunshi 8% nickel da 18% chromium.

Lokacin da abun ciki na chromium a cikin karfe ya wuce 1.1%, an kafa wani Layer Layer wanda ke taimakawa kare karfe daga iskar shaka.

#7 Vanadium (V)

Matsayin vanadium a matsayin sinadari yana kama da na manganese, molybdenum da niobium. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi tare da sauran abubuwa masu haɗawa, yana hana haɓakar hatsi, yana daidaita girman hatsi, yana haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfi, karyewar ƙarfi da juriya ga nauyin tasiri. Hakanan yana inganta yanayin zafi mai zafi, damuwa da gajiya da juriya. Lokacin da abun ciki ya wuce 0.05%, za'a iya samun hali na ɓarna yayin jiyya na damuwa na zafi.

Ana amfani da Vanadium a cikin nitriding, mai jurewa zafi, kayan aiki da karafa na bazara tare da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa.

#8 Tungsten (W)

Ana amfani dashi tare da chromium, vanadium, molybdenum ko manganese don samar da ƙarfe mai sauri don yanke kayan aiki. Tungsten karfe da aka sani da "ja mai wuya", ma'ana ya kasance da wuya isa ga yankan ko da bayan da aka mai tsanani zuwa ja-zafi. Bayan maganin zafi, karfe yana riƙe da taurinsa a yanayin zafi mai yawa, yana sa ya dace musamman don yankan kayan aiki.

Tungsten a cikin nau'i na tungsten carbide:

Yana iya ba da babban tauri ga ƙarfe ko da a yanayin zafi-ja. Yana haɓaka samuwar hatsi mai kyau, yana haɓaka juriya na thermal, kuma yana haɓaka ƙarfin zafin jiki.

#9 Molybdenum (Mo)

Matsayin molybdenum yana kama da na manganese da vanadium, kuma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa tare da ɗaya ko duka biyun. Wannan sinadari tsohon carbide ne mai ƙarfi, kuma abun cikin sa a cikin gami karfe yawanci ƙasa da 1%. Yana haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin zafin jiki mai ƙarfi, yayin haɓaka juriya na lalata da haɓaka ƙarfi mai rarrafe. Ana ƙara shi zuwa bakin karfe don ƙara juriya na lalata kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin kayan aiki mai sauri.

#10 Cobalt (Co)

Cobalt yana inganta ƙarfin zafin jiki da ƙarfin maganadisu. Yana ƙara taurin yayin ba da izinin yanayin zafi mafi girma (a lokacin jiyya mai zafi). A cikin ƙarin hadaddun ƙarfe, yana haɓaka tasirin kowane mutum na wasu abubuwa. Cobalt ba tsohon carbide bane, amma ƙara cobalt zuwa gami na iya samun taurin mafi girma da taurin ja.

#11 nickel (Ni)

Baya ga kasancewa da amfani ga juriya na lalata ƙarfe, ƙari na nickel kuma yana iya haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfi. Nickel yana inganta ƙarancin zafin kayan aiki ta hanyar haɓaka taurin karaya. Kasancewar wannan kashi baya rage weldability na karfe. Nickel yana ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfe sosai.

Ana haɗe nickel sau da yawa tare da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa, musamman chromium da molybdenum. Abu ne mai mahimmanci na bakin karfe, amma abun cikinsa a cikin karfen carbon yana da ƙasa kaɗan. Bakin karfe ya ƙunshi 8% zuwa 14% nickel.

Wani dalili na ƙara nickel a cikin gami shine cewa yana iya ƙirƙirar sassa masu haske a cikin ƙarfen Damascus.

#12 Copper (Cu)

Copper wani babban abu ne mai jure lalata. Har ila yau yana da ƙananan tasiri akan hardenability. Yawanci, abun cikin sa bai gaza 0.20% ba, kuma shine babban bangaren hana lalata a makin karfe kamar A242 da A441.

Mafi na kowa a cikin karfe ne saura wakili, da kuma jan karfe da aka kara don samar da hazo hardening kaddarorin da inganta lalata juriya.

#13 Aluminum (Al)

Aluminum yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan deoxidizers a cikin kayan, tare da ƙarancin abun ciki. Yana taimakawa samar da mafi kyawun tsarin hatsi kuma yana haɓaka taurin ma'aunin ƙarfe. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi tare da silicon don samun ƙarancin deoxidized ko cikakken deoxidized karfe.

#14 Titanium (Ti)

Ana amfani da titanium don sarrafa haɓakar hatsi, wanda ke haɓaka tauri. Hakanan yana canza abubuwan haɗa sulfide daga elongated zuwa siffofi masu siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar siffar .

Titanium karfe ne mai karfi da haske wanda za'a iya amfani dashi shi kadai ko kuma a hade shi da karfe. Ana ƙara shi zuwa karfe don ba shi ƙarfin ƙarfi a yanayin zafi. Injin jet na zamani suna amfani da karfe titanium.

Hana raguwar chromium a cikin yankuna na bakin karfe a lokacin dumama na dogon lokaci, hana samuwar austenite a cikin babban chromium karfe, da rage taurin martensitic da quenchability na matsakaici-chromium karfe.

#15 Niobium (Nb)

Niobium wani mahimmin sinadari ne mai tace hatsi sannan kuma abu ne mai kara kuzari wajen samar da karfe. Tsohuwar carbide ce mai ƙarfi, tana yin ƙarfi sosai kuma ƙaramin carbide mai sauƙi. Yana inganta ductility, taurin, juriya da juriya na lalata. A lokaci guda, yana tsaftace tsarin hatsi. Wanda aka fi sani da Columbus.

#16 Boron (B)

Muhimmiyar rawa da manufar boron a cikin ƙarfe shine haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfi sosai.

Babban fa'idar boron shine kawai ana buƙatar ƙaramin adadin don cimma irin tasirin ƙarfi iri ɗaya wanda sauran abubuwan ke buƙatar babban adadin isa. Matsakaicin kewayon ƙarfe na ƙarfe shine 0.0005% zuwa 0.003%.

A lokacin aikin maganin zafi, ana ƙara boron a matsayin madadin wasu abubuwa don haɓaka ƙarfin matsakaicin ƙarfe na carbon. An inganta aikin yanke na ƙarfe mai sauri, amma a farashin ƙirƙira inganci. Yawan abun ciki na boron kuma na iya rage taurin jiki, taurin kai da haifar da kumburi. Kashi na carbon a cikin ƙarfe shima yana taka rawa a tasirin taurin boron. Yayin da tasirin boron akan taurin ya karu, ya kamata a rage abun cikin carbon daidai.

Lokacin da aka kara boron a cikin karfe, dole ne a yi taka-tsan-tsan don tabbatar da cewa ba za ta amsa da iskar oxygen ko nitrogen ba, saboda haɗuwa da boron da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan abubuwa zai haifar da rashin tasiri.

#17 Jagora (Pb)

Ƙananan adadin gubar, har zuwa 0.30%, an ƙara don inganta aikin aiki. Muddin an rarraba shi daidai gwargwado, ba shi da tasiri a kan abubuwan da ke cikin jiki na karfe. Sabanin imani na kowa, baya shafar weldability.

#18 Zirconium (Zr)

Ana ƙara zirconium zuwa karfe don canza siffar haɗawa. Yawancin lokaci ana ƙara shi zuwa ƙananan ƙarfe da ƙananan ƙarfe. Lokacin da siffar ta canza daga elongated zuwa mai siffar zobe, ana inganta tauri da ductility.

#19 Tantalum (Ta)

Yana da kama da niobium (Nb) a cikin sinadarai, don haka yana da irin wannan tasiri akan gami - samar da ƙarfi sosai da ƙananan carbides. Yana inganta ductility, taurin, juriya da juriya na lalata. A lokaci guda, yana tace hatsi.

#20 Nitrogen (N)

Matsayin nitrogen a cikin gami yana kama da na carbon. Nitrogen na iya maye gurbin carbon a cikin ƙananan adadi (ko ma adadi mai yawa a cikin fasahar zamani) don ƙara taurin. Babu shakka, nitrogen yana samar da nitrides maimakon carbides. INFI ya ƙunshi nitrogen, kamar yadda wasu ke yi, wanda Sandvik ne zakara, tare da 3% nitrogen a cikin gami, gaba ɗaya maye gurbin carbon. Abin takaici, masana'antun kayan aiki ba za su iya samun shi ba. Saboda nitrogen yana da ƙaramin hali don samar da chromium nitrides fiye da carbon don samar da chromium carbides, kasancewarsa yana inganta juriya na lalata kuma yana riƙe ƙarin chromium kyauta a cikin gami. Saboda ƙananan reactivity na nitrogen lokacin ƙirƙirar nitrides, ana iya amfani da shi don ƙara taurin ba tare da ƙara girman carbide da girma ba, kamar a cikin Sandvik 14C28N karfe.

#21 Selenium (Se)

Yawancin lokaci ba a fifita shi a cikin ƙarfe na kayan aiki. An ƙara shi don inganta kayan aiki. Mai kama da sulfur, yana cikin rukunin chacogen iri ɗaya.

Vigor tana da ƙwararrun ma'aikata da ƙwarewa mai yawa a fannin narkar da ƙarfe da kayayyakin ƙarfe. Idan kuna da wata tambaya da buƙata game da haɓaka samfura ko inganta tsarin samar da kayayyaki, da fatan za ku iya tuntuɓar mu a info@castings-forging.com